Introduction

Hello everyone, good afternoon. I'm DK, and I'm currently in the third year of my PhD in mechanical and aerospace engineering. I've completed my master's degree, and my area of work is related to solid mechanics and fluid mechanics. I'm exploring the interdisciplinary aspects between Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Today, I'd like to share with you how I'm exploring these subjects and how I can guide you in your studies.

Solid Mechanics

Solid mechanics is a fascinating and important subject where you can learn about vibration analysis and design principles.

• Vibration Analysis and Modal Analysis: We study vibrations in structures like buildings, engines, and mechanical systems to prevent resonance conditions. For example, if we look at the Burj Khalifa or any tall building, understanding the vibrations is crucial to avoid resonance, which can lead to structural failures. The Tacoma Bridge collapse in the 1940s is a historical example of resonance causing a catastrophic failure due to vibrations. By finding out the natural frequencies and mode shapes, we can determine at what frequencies a structure should not vibrate.

• Force and Moment Calculations: We also learn how to calculate forces and moments acting on materials to understand how much load a material can sustain. This is essential for designing any mechanical components.

To implement the theoretical knowledge of solid mechanics into practical applications, we use software tools. Softwares like ANSYS and ABAQUS are widely used for solving structural problems based on finite element methods. These tools help us analyze stresses, vibrations, and other parameters required for design considerations in developing any product.

Fluid Mechanics

Fluid mechanics deals with the behavior of fluids (liquids and gases) and the forces acting upon them.

• Vortices and Lift Generation: In aerodynamics, when we take an airplane, we use airfoils, and as the wind flows over them, vortices are generated. These vortices help in generating lift. We study how to modify the shape, like adjusting the pitch angle, to generate more lift.

• Aerodynamics vs. Fluid Mechanics: Aerodynamics is a branch of fluid mechanics where we consider air as the medium, whereas in fluid mechanics, we might deal with water or other fluids.

• Underwater and Aerial Vehicles: Nowadays, technologies like underwater vehicles, submarines, and unmanned aerial vehicles are booming. Working in these areas requires a solid understanding of fluid mechanics or aerodynamics.

Software like ANSYS Fluent, which is based on the finite volume method under CFD, is dedicated to solving problems related to fluid mechanics.

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Finite Element Analysis (FEA)

CFD and FEA are computational methods used to simulate and solve complex engineering problems.

• CFD: Computational Fluid Dynamics allows us to replicate exact models in software that we would otherwise test experimentally. For example, we can simulate an airfoil fixed at the end with fluid flowing perpendicular to it, applying the same boundary conditions and fluid velocities in the software.

• FEA: Finite Element Analysis is used for solving problems in solid mechanics. Taking the example of the Burj Khalifa again, we analyze the stresses generated due to wind forces. By discretizing the complete domain into small sections, we apply governing equations like Hooke's Law or equilibrium equations to solve for internal stresses.

In software like ANSYS and ABAQUS, which are based on the finite element method, these governing equations are solved to determine how much load a structure can sustain without us having to solve the equations theoretically.

Interdisciplinary Approach and Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI)

By combining CFD and FEA, we can solve fluid-structure interaction (FSI) problems, which are real-life problems where both fluid and solid mechanics play a role.

• Real-Life Applications: For any structure, like a building or an aerator in aquaculture, wind or fluid flow impacts the structure, generating stresses and affecting performance. By studying both solid and fluid mechanics, we can come up with comprehensive solutions required in industries.

• My Work in Aquaculture: I'm working on applications in aquaculture for fish and shrimp farming. Coming from a mechanical engineering background and originally from North India, where agriculture is more common, I hadn't been exposed to aquaculture before. When I came to the South, I started working on a project given by the Institute, where I combine solid mechanics and fluid mechanics to solve problems related to the aquaculture industry.

Important Tools and Software

Several tools are essential for students to learn in this field.

• ANSYS and ABAQUS: These are the two major software used for structural analysis based on FEA.

• ANSYS Fluent: Dedicated to solving fluid mechanics problems using CFD.

• OpenFOAM: An open-source software for CFD. While it requires you to do coding yourself, the advantage is that you can customize and solve any kind of problem. Unlike commercial software like ANSYS and ABAQUS, which have predefined codes and certain limitations, OpenFOAM allows you to modify and apply codes according to your specific problem.

• Limitations of Commercial Software: In ANSYS and ABAQUS, we can't customize the codes as they have predefined settings. This is where OpenFOAM stands out due to its flexibility.

• CAD Software: Before analysis, creating a 3D model of your problem is crucial. Software like SOLIDWORKS is very easy to learn and can be used to make any 3D model. You can then import this model into CAE software like ANSYS or ABAQUS to solve fluid mechanics and solid mechanics problems. CATIA is another popular software used for design.

Recommended Projects

Working on practical projects helps in understanding and applying theoretical knowledge.

• 3D Printing: You can work on projects involving 3D printing, which is a booming technology in mechanical engineering.

• Aquaculture Sector: There's a huge market demand worldwide for fish and shrimp, especially shrimp farming. I'm developing an aerator that would be beneficial for the aquaculture industry. You can explore similar projects that require applications of solid mechanics and fluid mechanics.

• Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Designing and analyzing UAVs is another area with significant growth and demand.

• Underwater Vehicles: With the development of submarines and unmanned underwater vehicles, projects in this area are also highly valuable.

Skills and Suggestions

• Learn CAD and CAE Tools: Proficiency in software like SOLIDWORKS, CATIA, ANSYS, and ABAQUS is essential.

• Coding Skills: Nowadays, even mechanical engineers benefit from having coding skills, especially if you're working with open-source software like OpenFOAM.

• Industry Exposure: Practical exposure through internships or collaborative projects with industries is crucial. When I was working at the Skill University, which is the first government Skill University set up by the Government of Haryana, they implemented a dual education model. Students would spend six months learning theoretical subjects at the university and the next six months in industries. They had tie-ups with good industries, giving students valuable exposure. This model addresses the skill gap that many universities and institutions face.

• Focus on Skill Development: The industry demands skilled professionals. Our education system often lacks in providing practical skills. By focusing on learning and applying these skills, you can meet industry requirements.

Conclusion

In today's world, possessing the right skills is essential for success in mechanical and aerospace engineering. By learning and applying software tools, gaining coding skills, and seeking practical industry exposure, you can prepare yourself for a rewarding career. Remember, combining theoretical knowledge with practical application is key.

Thank you for your attention, and I hope this guidance helps you in your educational journey.